On the occasion of the World Meteorological Day ... the history of meteorology in brief

Weather of Arabia - On Monday, 23 March, the world celebrates World Meteorological Day, and this year’s celebration comes under the slogan “Climate and Water”

This slogan comes to shine a light on the importance of fresh water, which is necessary for life. For a person on average cannot live for more than three days without it. More from here

The world celebrates this day in commemoration of the entry into force of the World Meteorological Organization's WMO Agreement on March 23, 1950.

Meteorology specializes in the study of the atmosphere, which is based on the conditions of the atmosphere. It is a group of scientific disciplines that are concerned with the study of climate and weather forecasts.

The nineteenth century witnessed a rapid development in meteorology after the development of the weather observing network (meteorological stations) in many countries, while the last half of the twentieth century witnessed a great progress in forecasting weather conditions, after the development of the computer.

History of meteorology in brief

Meteorology is divided into climatology, atmospheric physics, atmospheric chemistry, and atmospheric thermodynamics, as well as secondary fields of marine science.

Aristotle is considered the founder of meteorology , where he was the first to write a book on meteorology "meteorology" in 350 BC.

In 1991, the scientist Varan described what is now known as the "water cycle" in his book The Study of the Atmosphere. While the Greek scholar Theophrastus wrote a book on weather forecasting, "evidence."

During the year 25 A.D., the Roman geographical scientist at Mbeneus Mila published maps of climatic regions, in which he divided the surface of the earth into a hot region in the center, and two northern and southern temperate regions.

In the ninth century AD, the Muslim physicist Abu Ishaq Al-Kindi wrote a research in meteorology entitled "A message about the effective cause of ebb and flow"

In 1654, the scientist Ferdinando II de Medici created the first meteorological network, while in 1832 Baron Schilling invented the electromagnetic lightning machine. The invention of the electric lightning machine in 1837 facilitated and accelerated the collection of surface observations data for weather conditions from vast areas.

During 1849 the Smithsonian Institution established a network to monitor weather throughout the United States under the leadership of Joseph Henry. Similar networks were established in Europe at the same time.

In 1854, the UK government appointed Robert Fitzroy to head the new State Office of Meteorology for Foreign Trade - or the Trade Council - that collects weather data at sea, and later became the world's first national meteorological service center in the world. The first daily weather forecasts made by Fitzroy's office were published in the New York Times in 1860.

Over the next 50 years, many countries established national meteorological services committees. The Indian Meteorological Department established an office in 1875 after tropical cyclones and monsoons associated with famines in previous decades.

And the Norwegian scientist Wilhelm Barkens was the first to present a research paper discussing weather forecasting using the equations of motion science - mechanics - and physics , in 1904, and since the beginning of the twentieth century, concepts of atmospheric physics have evolved, which led to the establishment of modern numerical weather forecasts.

As scientist Louis Fry Richardson published in 1922, the results of his first practical numerical prediction "weather forecasts by numerical operations" after working on equations - manually, before using large computers.

And in 1950, weather forecasting became using a computer. The first meteorological prediction by the numerical method was by using a balanced meteorological model - parallel to pressure, density -, and a broadly predictable range of motion in the intermediate displays of Rossby waves, a pattern of low and high atmospheres.

In 1960, the scientist Edward Lorenz reached the messy - unstable nature of the atmosphere and explained it through his book, which is considered the basis of chaos theory.

The range of forecasts is currently used in most major weather forecast centers after these developments, taking into account the uncertainties caused by the disorder and the nature of the weather.

In recent years, climate models have been used to compare ancient weather prediction models. These climate models are used to study climate in the long term, for example what are the effects of industrial emissions causing greenhouse gases.

World Meteorological Organization (WMO)

The United Nations World Meteorological Organization (WMO) is the reference in the United Nations system regarding the state and behavior of the Earth's atmosphere, its interaction with the oceans, the climate that results from it, and the distribution of water resources that result.

The membership of the organization includes 191 countries and territories (since January 1, 2013). The organization is based in Geneva, Switzerland, and is headed by a Secretary-General, who is elected by the organization's parliament every four years.